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Ramadan dan Sepak Bola Wanita: Menavigasi Iman dan Performa Tinggi

By
Fabian Suprayogi
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Photo by Dimas Wardana on Unsplash

Saat ini, kita berada di bulan suci Ramadan, yang berlangsung dari 1 Maret hingga 29 Maret 2025. Hari ini menandai hari ke-16 dari periode sakral ini.

Ramadan, bulan kesembilan dalam kalender Islam, adalah masa refleksi, spiritualitas, dan kebersamaan bagi umat Muslim di seluruh dunia. Selama bulan ini, umat Muslim yang menjalankan ibadah puasa menahan diri dari makan, minum, dan kesenangan fisik lainnya dari terbit fajar hingga matahari terbenam. Puasa kemudian dibatalkan dengan Iftar setelah matahari terbenam, sementara makanan sebelum fajar, Suhoor, membantu menjaga energi untuk aktivitas sepanjang hari.

Bagi pesepak bola Muslim, menyeimbangkan tuntutan olahraga profesional dengan kewajiban keagamaan selama Ramadan membutuhkan ketahanan fisik, kekuatan mental, serta dukungan yang semakin meningkat dari klub dan liga.

Tantangan bagi Pesepak Bola Selama Ramadan

Bagi atlet elit, puasa menghadirkan tantangan fisiologis yang unik. Dengan jadwal latihan dan pertandingan yang berlangsung sepanjang hari, tidak mengonsumsi makanan, air, atau sumber energi dalam waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan kelelahan, dehidrasi, serta penurunan daya tahan—semua faktor ini dapat memengaruhi performa dan pemulihan atlet.

Namun, bagi banyak pesepak bola Muslim, Ramadan bukan hanya ujian ketahanan fisik, tetapi juga waktu untuk penguatan mental dan emosional. Banyak yang menggambarkan puasa sebagai sumber kekuatan spiritual dan disiplin, membantu mereka mempertahankan fokus, komitmen, dan rasa kebersamaan baik di dalam maupun di luar lapangan.

Cara Pemain dan Klub Beradaptasi Selama Ramadan

Untuk membantu pemain mempertahankan performa mereka, klub dan tim medis menerapkan berbagai strategi khusus, termasuk:

  • Rencana Nutrisi yang Dioptimalkan: Makanan sebelum dan setelah waktu puasa dirancang dengan cermat untuk memastikan asupan energi dan hidrasi yang seimbang. Ilmuwan olahraga menyarankan agar pemain menghindari konsumsi cairan dalam jumlah besar sekaligus, dan lebih baik mendistribusikan asupan hidrasi secara merata selama jam non-puasa.
  • Penyesuaian Jadwal Latihan: Jika memungkinkan, sesi latihan dipindahkan ke malam hari guna mengurangi aktivitas fisik selama jam puasa. Beberapa pemain juga menyesuaikan rutinitas mereka agar dapat menjalankan kewajiban keagamaan tanpa mengorbankan performa.
  • Pemantauan Medis dan Performa: Ilmuwan olahraga dan staf medis klub bekerja sama dengan pemain yang berpuasa untuk memantau tingkat hidrasi, mencegah kelelahan otot, serta memastikan kondisi fisik tetap optimal.
  • Panduan dari Federasi Sepak Bola: Federasi Sepak Bola Jerman (DFB) menyediakan rekomendasi pelatihan dan panduan nutrisi bagi pemain Muslim selama Ramadan. Divisi ilmu olahraga resmi mereka menekankan pentingnya hidrasi bertahap dan asupan makanan seimbang untuk mendukung performa yang stabil. DFB juga mengakui bahwa pelatih dan rekan setim memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung pemain yang berpuasa agar mereka tidak merasa terisolasi atau dirugikan.
  • Keputusan Pribadi tentang Puasa: Beberapa pemain memilih untuk tetap berpuasa pada hari pertandingan, sementara yang lain memilih untuk menundanya—sebuah praktik yang diperbolehkan dalam Islam bagi mereka yang memiliki tanggung jawab fisik yang berat.
Dukungan Liga dan Klub untuk Pemain Muslim

Dengan meningkatnya kesadaran akan pentingnya Ramadan, liga dan klub telah memperkenalkan kebijakan untuk mengakomodasi pemain yang berpuasa, mulai dari penyesuaian jadwal latihan hingga jeda pertandingan untuk berbuka puasa pada malam hari. Namun, dukungan ini masih belum merata, terutama di sepak bola wanita.

Sepak Bola Wanita dan Ramadan: Peluang untuk Inklusi yang Lebih Besar

Meskipun sepak bola pria telah memperkenalkan kebijakan progresif untuk mengakomodasi pemain yang berpuasa, sepak bola wanita masih tertinggal dalam hal dukungan terstruktur. Berbeda dengan rekan-rekan pria mereka, banyak tim profesional wanita yang belum memiliki protokol resmi untuk Ramadan, sehingga para pemain harus menavigasi tantangan puasa secara mandiri.

Namun, peluang untuk meningkatkan inklusivitas dalam sepak bola wanita sangat besar. Seiring berkembangnya olahraga ini secara global, klub dan federasi memiliki kesempatan untuk memimpin dalam hal inklusivitas budaya dan agama, menetapkan preseden bagi tim pria untuk diikuti. Pendekatan yang lebih sistematis, termasuk panduan nutrisi, penyesuaian jadwal latihan, dan kebijakan pertandingan resmi, dapat memastikan bahwa pesepak bola wanita Muslim tidak perlu memilih antara iman dan karier mereka.

Pada tahun 2022, pemain SC Freiburg, Ereleta Memeti dan Hasret Kayıkçı, berbagi pengalaman mereka dalam berpuasa sambil berkompetisi di level tertinggi. Dalam wawancara dengan SWR, Kayıkçı menekankan bahwa puasa adalah bagian integral dari imannya, dan ia tetap mampu tampil di level elit selama Ramadan. Ia juga menyoroti dukungan dari pelatih serta rekan setimnya, yang menghormati komitmennya terhadap agama dan olahraga.

Premier League dan Bundesliga: Menjadi Pelopor

Sejak 2021, Premier League di Inggris telah mengizinkan wasit untuk menghentikan pertandingan saat matahari terbenam agar pemain Muslim dapat berbuka puasa. Pendekatan inklusif ini disambut baik oleh banyak pihak.

Demikian pula, pada tahun 2022, Bundesliga Jerman memperkenalkan jeda pertandingan bagi pemain yang berpuasa, dengan bek Mainz, Moussa Niakhaté, menjadi salah satu pemain pertama yang mendapatkan izin resmi untuk jeda hidrasi setelah matahari terbenam.

Sikap Kontroversial Ligue 1 terhadap Ramadan

Di sisi lain, Ligue 1 Prancis mengambil pendekatan yang berbeda. Federasi Sepak Bola Prancis (FFF) melarang penghentian pertandingan bagi pemain yang berpuasa, dengan alasan kebijakan sekularisme yang ketat di negara tersebut.

Salah satu kasus paling terkenal terjadi pada April 2023, ketika bek FC Nantes, Jaouen Hadjam, dikeluarkan dari skuad setelah menolak untuk membatalkan puasanya pada hari pertandingan. Pelatih Antoine Kombouaré menyatakan bahwa meskipun ia menghormati keyakinan agama Hadjam, ia tidak akan memasukkannya dalam skuad selama Ramadan.

Masa Depan Ramadan dalam Sepak Bola Wanita

Sementara sepak bola pria telah mengambil langkah-langkah signifikan untuk mengakomodasi pemain yang berpuasa, sepak bola wanita masih berada dalam tahap awal penerapan sistem dukungan yang terstruktur. Seiring dengan semakin banyaknya wanita Muslim yang memasuki dunia sepak bola profesional, klub dan federasi harus menyadari peluang untuk perubahan yang lebih proaktif.

Memperluas program nutrisi, mengembangkan pedoman latihan yang jelas, dan memastikan kebijakan pertandingan yang fleksibel dapat menetapkan standar baru bagi inklusivitas agama dalam olahraga ini.

Seiring globalisasi sepak bola, kebijakan Ramadan dalam sepak bola wanita dapat menjadi tolok ukur inklusivitas, memastikan bahwa tidak ada pemain yang harus mengorbankan iman demi profesi mereka.

Poin Penting:
  • DFB telah mengembangkan pedoman pelatihan dan nutrisi resmi bagi pemain yang berpuasa selama Ramadan.
  • Sepak bola wanita memiliki potensi besar untuk memimpin dalam inklusivitas budaya dan agama.
  • Sementara Premier League dan Bundesliga mendukung pemain yang berpuasa, Ligue 1 tetap mempertahankan kebijakan sekularisme yang ketat.
  • Klub dan federasi harus memperluas kebijakan untuk memastikan pesepak bola wanita Muslim mendapatkan dukungan penuh selama Ramadan.

FIFA vs. Multi-Club Ownership: The Case of Club León and Its Impact on Football Governance

By
Emiliano Hernandez Sotelo
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Photo by Sora Shimazaki on Pexels

By Luis Fernando Espejo & Emiliano Hernández

A Turning Point for Football Governance

FIFA’s decision to exclude Club León from the 2025 Club World Cup marks a pivotal moment in the regulation of multi-club ownership (MCO). While economic groups owning multiple teams have become a widespread model in modern football, concerns over competitive integrity are increasingly driving stricter regulatory oversight. León’s exclusion underscores FIFA’s evolving stance on ownership structures and raises critical questions about how global football will respond to these regulatory changes.

FIFA’s Decision and León’s Legal Challenge

FIFA Club World Cup regulations prohibit clubs under the same ownership or significant influence from competing in the same tournament. León, owned by Grupo Pachuca—which also owns CF Pachuca, a team that has already qualified—was deemed ineligible. However, León is currently appealing this decision before the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), on the grounds of:

  • Principle of Taxativity and Non-Retroactivity: FIFA cannot apply new restrictions retroactively to disqualify León after it had already secured its spot in the tournament. Rules and sanctions must be clear, specific, and established in advance to ensure fairness, legal certainty, and predictability in decision-making.
  • Sporting Merit & Fairness: The club earned its place by winning the 2023 Concacaf Champions League; exclusion undermines competition integrity.
  • Regulatory Compliance: León has fully cooperated with FIFA, with no violations justifying
    exclusion.
  • Administrative Independence: A trust ensures León’s financial and operational separation from Grupo Pachuca.
  • Precedents: FIFA and UEFA have allowed clubs like RB Leipzig & RB Salzburg or Girona & Manchester City to compete under compliance measures.
Alajuelense’s Legal Dispute

Liga Deportiva Alajuelense (LDA) of Costa Rica has filed a separate complaint with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), arguing that the multi-club ownership between León and Pachuca violates fair competition principles. LDA contends that no team has a superior right over them to participate in the upcoming Club World Cup. This legal dispute could influence future governance decisions regarding club eligibility and the regulation of ownership structures worldwide, further fueling the debate on FIFA’s approach to multi-club ownership (MCOs).

Possible Outcomes and the Future of MCO Regulation

The resolution of León’s case could set a lasting precedent for how multi-club ownerships are regulated in global football. Potential outcomes include:

  • CAS overturns FIFA’s decision, allowing León to compete.
  • Alajuelense qualifies based on FIFA ranking if FIFA limits Liga MX and MLS clubs to two teams each.
  • Club América qualifies based on Concacaf ranking.
  • Philadelphia Union qualifies based on their Concacaf ranking, unless limited by the three-club-per-country rule.
  • LAFC qualifies as the 2023 Concacaf Champions League runner-up.
  • Columbus Crew qualifies as the 2024 Concacaf Champions League runner-up.
  • Tigres qualifies as the last Concacaf Champions League winner.

The club selected to replace León will join Group D of the Club World Cup, where it will face Flamengo, Chelsea and Espérance de Tunis. We will have to await the CAS ruling before the competition begins on June 14, 2025.

The Financial Impact on Club León

Beyond the sporting and legal implications, León faces a significant financial setback due to its exclusion. Unless CAS rules in its favor, the club stands to lose $9.55 million USD, the estimated earnings from participating in the Club World Cup. Moreover, had León advanced beyond the group stage, it could have accessed even greater prize money:

  • Round of 16: + $7.5 million USD
  • Quarter-finals: + $13.125 million USD
  • Semi-finals: + $21 million USD
  • Runner-up: + $30 million USD
  • Champion: + $40 million USD

Given these substantial financial incentives and the global exposure that comes with competing in this tournament, several clubs may view the opportunity as a rightful claim. With the selection criteria for León’s potential replacement remaining unclear, multiple teams could argue that they deserve the spot, potentially leading to further disputes over the allocation of this highly valuable position.

The Growing Scrutiny of Multi-Club Ownership

León’s exclusion is part of a broader trend toward stricter regulation of MCOs in football. While proponents argue that multi-club ownership fosters investment, talent development, and long-term stability, critics warn of the potential risks such as match-fixing, competitive imbalances, and conflicts of interest. In Mexico, multi-club ownership has long been tolerated, but FIFA’s ruling may compel Liga MX to reassess its stance on the issue. Internationally, this decision signals a shift toward limiting the power of corporate conglomerates in football. With UEFA already tightening its regulations, FIFA is sending a clear message about its commitment to maintaining the integrity of the sport.

The Ongoing Debate on Multi-Club Ownership

The debate surrounding multi-club ownership is not new in football. However, previous cases have shown that the core issue is not ownership itself but the independence in the management and decision-making between clubs. If Club León can prove this separation before the CAS, it could set a groundbreaking precedent in sports law jurisprudence, providing clarity for future cases.

Implications for Mexican Football Governance and MCOs

The outcome of this case could also lead to significant changes in the governance of Mexican football. Clubs like Tijuana, Querétaro, León, Pachuca, Mazatlán, and Puebla—all part of multi-club ownership structures—may face ownership changes, potentially reshaping the landscape of Liga MX. Moreover, if FIFA and Concacaf tighten the regulations on multi-club ownership, the league may be forced to push ownership groups with multiple teams to sell some of their clubs in order to comply with eligibility requirements.

A New Era of Regulatory Oversight

Beyond this specific case, FIFA’s decision signals the start of a new era of regulatory scrutiny over MCOs in global football. Clubs, investors, and governing bodies will need to adapt to a football landscape where financial power alone is no longer sufficient. Compliance with evolving regulations will be crucial for ensuring competitive integrity in the sport, marking a significant shift in the governance of international football.

Eine neue Ära für U19- & U17-Talente in Deutschland – Reform der „Nachwuchsliga“

By
Ersel Aybasti
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Mit Beginn der Saison 2024/25 hat der Deutsche Fußball-Bund (DFB) seine höchsten Jugendspielklassen grundlegend reformiert. Das neue System ersetzt die bisherige A-Junioren-Bundesliga und B-Junioren-Bundesliga für die Altersklassen U19 und U17. Ziel der Reform ist es, die Spielerentwicklung zu verbessern, einen ausgeglicheneren Wettbewerb zu gewährleisten und unnötige Reisebelastungen für junge Athleten zu reduzieren. Beide Altersklassen folgen einem ähnlichen zweiphasigen Format, wobei kleinere Unterschiede die spezifischen Bedürfnisse und Strukturen jeder Altersgruppe berücksichtigen.

Phase Eins: Vorrunde

Struktur:

  • Regionale Gruppen:
    • Alle 64 Mannschaften jeder Altersklasse werden in acht regionale Gruppen eingeteilt.
    • Jede Gruppe besteht aus bis zu acht Teams.

Ziele und Format:

  • Geografische und leistungsbasierte Einteilung:
    • Die Zuteilung erfolgt so, dass Reisewege möglichst kurz bleiben und Mannschaften gegen regionale Gegner antreten.
    • Teams werden basierend auf einem mehrjährigen Bewertungssystem eingeteilt, anstatt strikt nach Bundesländern oder geografischen Grenzen.
  • Spielmodus:
    • Jede Mannschaft bestreitet ein Hin- und Rückspiel gegen die Gegner der eigenen Gruppe (insgesamt 14 Spieltage).
    • Die Ergebnisse dieser 14 Spiele bestimmen die Platzierungen innerhalb der Gruppe.

Die regionalen Gruppen der Saison 2024/25 wurden geografisch wie folgt erstellt:

Phase Zwei: Hauptrunde

Nach der Vorrunde werden die Teams anhand ihrer Platzierungen in zwei separate Ligen aufgeteilt:

Liga A:

  • Qualifikation:
    • Die besten drei Teams jeder Vorrundengruppe qualifizieren sich für Liga A.
    • Dadurch entsteht ein Teilnehmerfeld von 24 Mannschaften (beispielsweise die Erst- und Zweitplatzierten jeder Gruppe sowie die sechs besten Drittplatzierten).
  • Gruppeneinteilung und Spielmodus:
    • Diese 24 Mannschaften werden in vier Gruppen mit je sechs Teams unterteilt.
    • Es folgt eine weitere Gruppenphase im Rundenturniermodus mit zehn Spieltagen zur Verfeinerung der Ranglisten.
  • Ziel am Ende der Hauptrunde:
    • Die besten Teams aus Liga A qualifizieren sich für die K.O.-Phase (Playoffs), in der der Deutsche Jugendmeister der jeweiligen Altersklasse ermittelt wird.

Liga B:

  • Qualifikation:
    • Alle verbleibenden Teams aus der Vorrunde werden in Liga B eingeteilt.
    • Zusätzlich qualifizieren sich bis zu 11 weitere Amateurvereine (die keine offizielle Jugendakademie besitzen) über ihre Leistungen in den unteren Jugendklassen.
  • Gruppeneinteilung und Spielmodus:
    • Liga B wird in Gruppen mit bis zu acht Teams organisiert.
    • Der Modus bleibt ein Hin- und Rückspiel über 14 Spieltage.
  • Zweck:
    • Liga B stellt sicher, dass auch Mannschaften außerhalb der Top-Gruppe eine wettbewerbsfähige Plattform erhalten und trägt zu einer breiteren sportlichen Balance bei.
Finalphase: Playoffs (Meisterschaftsphase)

U19 Liga A:

  • O.-Runden:
    • Nach Abschluss der Hauptrunde erreichen die besten 16 Teams aus Liga A die K.O.-Phase.
    • Dieses Turnier wird im klassischen K.O.-System ausgetragen, beginnend mit dem Achtelfinale.
  • Ermittlung des Meisters:
    • Der Sieger der K.O.-Runde wird zum Deutschen Jugendmeister der jeweiligen Altersklasse gekürt.

Hinweis: Die U17-Nachwuchsliga folgt einem ähnlichen Format mit leichten Anpassungen bei der Qualifikation und Gruppeneinteilung, um den Entwicklungsbedarf der jüngeren Spieler zu berücksichtigen.

U19 Liga B:

  • Qualifikation für zukünftige Saisons:
    • Vereine mit einem Nachwuchsleistungszentrum (NLZ) sichern sich durch eine Platzierung in Liga B in der Regel automatisch die Teilnahme an der nächsten Saison der U19-Nachwuchsliga.
    • Amateurvereine (ohne NLZ) müssen unter den besten vier Mannschaften ihrer Liga-B-Gruppe landen, um sich für die nächste Saison zu qualifizieren. Dieses System bietet eine Aufstiegsmöglichkeit für Vereine ohne Jugendakademie.
  • Teilnahme am DFB-Junioren-Pokal:

Zusätzlich qualifizieren sich die bestplatzierten Teams der Liga B für den DFB-Junioren-Pokal und erhalten so weitere Wettbewerbserfahrung.

Praktische Erfahrungen mit der neuen Nachwuchsliga

Die ersten Rückmeldungen der Vereine zeigen bereits positive Effekte der Reform. Ismail Gülec, Trainer der U17-Mannschaft des SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball, zieht nach etwa 60 % der Saison ein positives Fazit:

“Woche für Woche messen wir uns mit den Besten, was unsere Spieler an ihre Grenzen bringt. Die individuelle Entwicklung bleibt zwar oberste Priorität, aber Fußball ist dennoch ein ergebnisorientierter Sport. Ohne Abstiegsdruck können wir effektiver planen, jüngeren Spielern mehr Einsatzzeit geben und sie auf die kommende Saison vorbereiten. Gleichzeitig haben nicht-professionelle Teams die Möglichkeit, sich zu beweisen und sich für die Liga zu qualifizieren. Natürlich stellen die zusätzlichen Reisen und logistischen Anforderungen eine Herausforderung dar aber sie dienen als wertvolle Vorbereitung auf eine mögliche Karriere im Profifußball.”

Diese Kombination aus hochklassigem Jugendwettbewerb, Planbarkeit und strukturierter Spielerentwicklung unterstreicht die langfristige Vision des neuen Systems.

Innovationen und Ziele der Reform
  • Entwicklungsfokus: Durch den Verzicht auf feste Auf- und Abstiegsregelungen für NLZ-Vereine liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der langfristigen Spielerförderung.
  • Ausgewogener Wettbewerb: Die regionale Gruppierung in der Vorrunde und die leistungsbasierte Zuteilung in der Hauptrunde sorgen für ein faires und herausforderndes Wettbewerbsumfeld.
  • Einbindung von Amateurvereinen: Bis zu 11 zusätzliche Amateurteams erhalten die Möglichkeit, in Liga B mitzuwirken.
  • Effizientes Reise- und Belastungsmanagement: Die geographische Gruppeneinteilung reduziert Reisezeiten und fördert eine bessere Balance zwischen Fußball, Schule und Ausbildung.
  • Mehr Einsatzzeit: Jede Mannschaft kann pro Spiel bis zu sieben Spieler wechseln, sodass alle 18 Akteure eines Spieltagskaders zum Einsatz kommen können.
Wie erfolgreich ist das deutsche Nachwuchssystem für den Weg in den Profifußball?

Zahlen hierzu sind schwer zu ermitteln, aber ein klarer Trend zeigt sich: Viele Profiteams setzen stark auf eigene Nachwuchsspieler. In der Bundesliga stellen diese oft 30% bis 50% des Kaders. Besonders Bayern München, Borussia Dortmund und Schalke 04 sind bekannte Beispiele für erfolgreiche Nachwuchsarbeit.

Hier sind die drei Vereine pro Profispielklasse mit den meisten eigenen Akademiespielern im Profikader:

Bundesliga:

  1. TSG 1899 Hoffenheim – 9 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~32 Mio. € Marktwert)
  2. SC Freiburg – 8 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~30 Mio. € Marktwert)
  3. Borussia Dortmund – 7 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~67 Mio. € Marktwert)
  1. Bundesliga:
  1. Hertha BSC – 15 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~28 Mio. € Marktwert)
  2. 1.FC Köln – 11 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~21 Mio. € Marktwert)
  3. FC Schalke 04 – 8 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~5 Mio. € Marktwert)
  1. Liga:
  2. VfB Stuttgart II – 22 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~8 Mio. € Marktwert)
  3. SpVgg Unterhaching – 13 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~3 Mio. € Marktwert)
  4. Hannover 96 II – 13 Spieler aus der eigenen Akademie (~2 Mio. € Marktwert)
Ein Meilenstein für die Zukunft des deutschen Fußballs

Deutschland ist seit Langem für seine starke Nachwuchsförderung bekannt, und die U19- und U17-DFB-Nachwuchsliga stellt eine strategische Neuausrichtung dar, um die Spielerentwicklung weiter zu optimieren. Durch die Fokussierung auf Wettbewerb, individuelle Förderung und Nachhaltigkeit soll das neue System junge Talente besser auf die Herausforderungen des Profifußballs vorbereiten. Mit dem Start der ersten Saison 2024/25 markiert diese Umstrukturierung einen bedeutenden Schritt, um Deutschlands Ruf als führende Nation in der Nachwuchsfußballförderung zu wahren. Werden andere Märkte diesem Ansatz folgen?

Weitere Informationen gibt es unter den folgenden Links:

CAS & Football Annual Report 2024: Key Insights and Developments

By
Enes Alan
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Photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on Unsplash
Introduction

The CAS & Football Annual Report 2024 provides a comprehensive overview of the year’s arbitration activities in global football. Covering the period from January 1 to December 31, 2024, the report highlights the Court of Arbitration for Sport’s (CAS) role in handling disputes involving FIFA, football clubs, players, coaches, and agents. The report presents key case statistics, decision trends, and procedural efficiency, with a special focus on appeals against FIFA rulings, football-related cases outside FIFA, and landmark legal decisions shaping the sport. Additionally, it examines the impact of the Olympic Games on CAS proceedings, as 2024 marked the fi rst time football-related cases were heard by the CAS Ad Hoc Division during the Olympics.

1. Volume and Trends in Appeals

Total Appeals and FIFA’s Involvement

In 2024, CAS registered 326 appeals against FIFA decisions, a 24% decrease from 2023, reflecting a drop in contentious cases. Of these appeals, 117 (36%) involved FIFA directly, while 209 (64%) did not require FIFA’s involvement (either because FIFA was not a respondent or successfully withdrew). FIFA issued over 33,000 decisions in 2024, meaning only 1% of these decisions were appealed to CAS.

Appeal Outcomes

78 CAS rulings were issued on the merits of cases involving FIFA, with the following outcomes: 58 cases (74%) upheld FIFA’s original decision, 15 cases (19%) annulled FIFA’s decision or referred it back to a FIFA body for reassessment, and 5 cases (7%) were deemed inadmissible.

Global CAS Caseload

CAS registered a total of 916 cases across all sports in 2024, a 2.8% decrease from 2023. Football-related cases made up 72% of CAS’s total caseload (657 cases), a slight decline from 82% in 2023. Among football-related cases, 476 (72%) were appeal procedures challenging decisions by FIFA, confederations, or national federations, while 181 (28%) were fi rst-instance arbitration cases.

2. Notable Cases and Legal Trends

FIFA Tribunal and Disciplinary Cases

The FIFA Football Tribunal (PSC & DRC) remained the most frequent subject of appeals in 2024, handling 74 cases (63%) of FIFA-related CAS disputes. Significant cases included employment-related disputes (e.g., termination without just cause, overdue payables), disciplinary sanctions, including doping violations, breaches of fi nancial fair play, and fan behavior incidents, and transfer-related issues, such as disputes over training compensation and solidarity contributions.

First Football-Related CAS Cases at the Olympics

For the first time, the CAS Ad Hoc Division heard three football-related disputes at the Paris 2024 Olympics. Key cases included: Israel FA & Roy Revivo v. FIFA, addressing the eligibility of a suspended player during the tournament; Canada Soccer v. FIFA & Others, contesting a six-point deduction for breaching fair play regulations due to alleged spying; Marta Vieira da Silva (Brazil) v. FIFA, challenging a two-match suspension for a red card incident. These cases highlight CAS’s growing role in Olympic football governance.

Swiss Federal Tribunal Appeals

126 appeals were fi led before the Swiss Federal Tribunal (SFT) against CAS football rulings in 2024. However, only a small number were overturned, reinforcing CAS’s legal authority and credibility.

3. CAS Procedural Effi ciency and Case Management

Hearing Trends

72 CAS hearings involved FIFA in 2024, double the number from 2023 (36 hearings). The majority of hearings (65%) were held via videoconference, refl ecting the shift toward digital case management. The relocation of FIFA’s Legal & Compliance Division to Miami in August 2024 contributed to the increase in virtual hearings.

Case Duration

The average duration of CAS cases in 2024 was 430 days. The evidentiary phase lasted 203 days, while the fi nal resolution phase took 227 days. Cases with in-person hearings lasted longer (444 days on average) compared to those decided on written submissions (360 days).

Legal Aid and Transparency Initiatives

The FIFA-CAS Football Legal Aid Fund (FLAF), which began in 2023, continued to support fi nancially disadvantaged clubs, players, and offi cials. FIFA published an updated list of arbitrators involved in CAS proceedings, reinforcing its commitment to transparency.

4. Key Takeaways and Future Outlook

Key Takeaways

Decrease in appeals: The 24% decline in CAS appeals against FIFA decisions suggests greater regulatory stability. Consistency in rulings: With 74% of cases upholding FIFA decisions, CAS continues to reinforce the legitimacy of FIFA’s disciplinary and regulatory framework. Digital transformation: The shift toward virtual hearings and digital case management is streamlining CAS operations. Olympic involvement: CAS’s fi rst-ever football cases at the Olympics demonstrate its expanding jurisdiction.

Challenges and Future Directions

Regulatory Adaptation – With evolving FIFA rules and increasing complexity in disputes, CAS must continue to refi ne its procedures. Technology & VAR-related Disputes – The growing use of VAR, digital evidence, and AI-driven analytics in football decision-making could lead to new legal challenges. Increased Case Volume Outside FIFA – The 32% increase in appeals from national federations and confederations signals a shift in football’s legal landscape beyond FIFA.

By maintaining its commitment to effi ciency, fairness, and transparency, CAS will continue to play a crucial role in safeguarding the integrity of football.

Conclusion

The CAS & Football Annual Report 2024 provides an insightful look into the legal mechanisms that govern football worldwide. With a notable decline in FIFA-related

appeals, growing case diversity, and increasing reliance on digital arbitration, CAS remains at the forefront of sports dispute resolution.

For legal practitioners, football stakeholders, and fans interested in the intersection of sports law and governance, the report serves as a valuable resource in understanding the evolving legal landscape of global football.

It’s All in Your Mind – The Agent’s Mindset That Builds Success

By
Dr. Erkut Sogut
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Photo by Brett Jordan on Unsplash

A few days ago, I found myself in Los Angeles at the Marriott Marina del Rey. I had a meeting at the hotel, just a regular business catch-up. But as I walked in, I realized something else was happening: a two-day football business conference. I hadn’t heard about it beforehand, but I noticed a few familiar faces. So I started talking to people.

I asked around to see if I could join the second day. “It would be great to meet more people,” I thought, “and to learn something new.” But it turned out to be an invitation-only event, and despite a few friends trying to help, it didn’t work out.

But instead of leaving it there, I made a decision: I’d come back the next day.

So I did. On the second day of the conference, I arrived with my laptop, ordered my coffee and water, and found a spot in the lobby. I decided I’d work from there and talk to anyone I could, people walking in and out, old contacts, new faces. And sure enough, I ended up meeting great people, reconnecting with others, and having meaningful conversations.

And while I sat there, quietly observing the flow of the event from the lobby, I was reminded of how it all started 25 years ago.

Back then, I was a shy young man, going to youth football games and trying to gather the courage to speak to a player’s father. I’d promise myself: “Today is the day. Just go say hi before the match.” But I couldn’t. Then I’d tell myself, “Okay, at halftime just go introduce yourself.” Still nothing. Even after the game, I would walk past them without saying a word.

But I didn’t give up. I kept showing up. I kept trying. And eventually, I did speak. I did connect. And that quiet, uncertain boy grew into someone who now teaches and mentors agents around the world.

That experience of sitting in the lobby at the Marina del Rey hotel, reminded me of how far I’ve come. And it made me think of every aspiring agent out there who doubts themselves.

Many young or new agents ask me: “How can I compete with the big agents?” “How will I ever make it in such a crowded market?”

Here’s the truth: Those so-called “big” agents only seem big because you’ve made them big in your mind.

They’re not superheroes. They’re just people. They started from somewhere, just like you. They also had their first awkward conversations. Their first rejections. Their first deals. The only difference is that they believed they belonged.

If you want to succeed in this business, it starts with your mindset. Not with contacts. Not with deals. Not with fame.

It starts with belief.

Belief that you are enough.
Belief that you will grow.
Belief that every small step counts.

You don’t need to be invited to the room to start your journey. Sometimes, sitting in the lobby with a laptop, a coffee, and a committed mindset is more powerful than any conference badge.

Over the years, I’ve seen this again and again. The agents who succeed are the ones who believe in themselves, trust the process, and never stop learning. The ones who don’t make it? They’re often the ones who keep doubting themselves, always waiting for the “right moment” to begin.

So don’t wait.
Don’t doubt.
Just start.

Believe. Act. Persist.

Your journey as a football agent doesn’t begin when someone gives you a chance, it begins the moment you give yourself permission to dream big and move forward.

K League’s Biggest Signing Yet? Lingard’s Move to Seoul Explained

By
Halil Bastuglu
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Image by qian xie from Pixabay

Jesse Lingard’s move to FC Seoul has sent shockwaves through the football world. The former Manchester United and England international’s decision to head to South Korea is a landmark event for the K League, signaling a new era of ambition and global attraction. But this transfer is about more than just football—it’s a story of personal reinvention, league expansion, and financial strategy.

A Fresh Start for Lingard

After an inconsistent spell at Nottingham Forest and a period without a club, Lingard found himself at a crossroads. Despite trials with various teams in England and beyond, he opted for an unexpected destination: South Korea.

For Lingard, this move is as much about personal growth as it is about football. Seoul provides a fresh environment, away from the intense scrutiny of European football, allowing him to focus purely on his game. The K League offers a passionate yet respectful fan culture, a lower-pressure media landscape, and an opportunity to rediscover his form in a competitive setting.

The former England international has embraced life in South Korea, quickly adapting to the local culture. In a surprising twist, he even released a rap song titled “Kamsahamnida” (Korean for “Thank You”), a move that resonated well with fans and showcased his willingness to immerse himself in his new surroundings.

K League’s Global Expansion and Lingard’s Role

Lingard’s arrival is more than just a boost for Seoul—it’s a statement of intent from the K League. For years, Japan’s J League has been the dominant force in East Asian football, but South Korea is now making moves to raise its international profile.

A Premier League veteran choosing the K League over more traditional destinations like the MLS or Saudi Arabia is significant. His presence will inevitably draw more global attention to South Korean football, potentially paving the way for other European players to follow. Some reports suggest that if Lingard thrives, other ex-Premier League stars may consider similar moves, adding further credibility to the league.

Lingard’s Early Impact on the Pitch

While fitness concerns lingered early on, Lingard wasted little time making his mark in Seoul. He scored a stunning goal against Gwangju, curling the ball into the top corner, reminding fans of the quality he still possesses. His performances were strong enough to earn him the captain’s armband in June 2024, highlighting his growing influence within the team.

Financial and Commercial Implications

Lingard’s deal with FC Seoul is reportedly worth around €1.1 million per year—a significant figure by K League standards, though far less than he might have earned in the Middle East or MLS. However, financial incentives go beyond salary.

Korean football is an emerging commercial powerhouse, and Lingard’s marketability makes him an asset beyond the pitch. His move has already boosted ticket sales, merchandise, and international viewership. Sponsors and broadcasters are taking notice, with expectations that his presence will bring increased revenue for both the club and the league.

His embrace of Korean culture has also played a role in his rising popularity. Fans have responded positively to his efforts to integrate, and brands have taken notice, with potential endorsement deals likely to follow. If his on-field performances continue to impress, FC Seoul could even profit from a future transfer within Asia or a return to Europe.

Furthermore, Lingard has secured contractual freedom to pursue business ventures in South Korea. This includes investments in gastronomy, fashion, and e-sports, industries that are thriving in the Korean market. His JLINGZ Esports brand partnered with the Korean e-sports company FearX in August 2023, capitalizing on South Korea’s booming gaming industry, which generated €500 million in revenue in 2023. With a strong gaming culture and a rapidly growing digital market, Seoul could be the perfect location for Lingard to expand his brand beyond football.

Expert Insight: Davis Ross on Lingard’s Impact

“Lingard’s move to the K League caught everyone in Korea by surprise, to say the least. He is, without a doubt, the highest-profile player to join the league. After the initial shock came the doubters, both internationally and locally in Korea, who questioned the longevity of Lingard’s stay—many believing he wouldn’t last more than a few months.

After a slow start and an injury, Lingard has done a remarkable job of turning things around and has certainly found his feet again. He took over the captaincy at FC Seoul at the end of last season when Ki Sung-yeung was injured and has retained it for the current season. His consistent performances and leadership qualities have made him an important asset for the capital club, which is searching for its first title since 2016. Last season, they finished in the top half for the first time in five years, and this season, they are expected to compete in the ACLE as well as mount a title challenge.

The move has been a success not only on the pitch but also off it, with improved attendances directly linked to Lingard’s arrival. Despite playing in a lesser league, his passion remains evident—most recently seen when he kicked over some water bottles after being subbed off against Suwon FC, frustrated by his own poor performance. This moment reflected his will to win rather than mere petulance.

His contract expires at the end of this season, and it’s not beyond the realm of possibility that he could extend, as I expect the club will offer him a new deal.”

A Breakdown of Commercial Rights in Modern Football

By
Jamie Khan
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The biggest football clubs in the world generate hundreds of millions in revenue from commercial partnerships, with the English Premier League leading the way in sponsorship value. From multinational corporations to emerging brands, companies see football as a powerful platform to reach global audiences. However, not all sponsorships hold the same value. Some, like front-of-shirt deals and stadium naming rights, demand eye-watering sums due to their visibility and prestige, while others, such as digital partnerships and in-stadia advertising, provide more cost-effective ways to engage fans. Understanding these opportunities is crucial for brands looking to invest wisely and for clubs aiming to maximize commercial revenue. This breakdown covers the key commercial rights available in football, ranking them by cost, visibility, and strategic value, with a particular focus on the English Premier League unless otherwise stated. 

Front-of-Shirt Sponsorship  
  • What is it? The most visible real estate on a club’s kit, front and center on matchdays, training sessions, and global broadcasts. 
  • Cost? Can range from £5m per season (mid-table clubs) to £50m+ (elite clubs like Man United, Real Madrid, or Barcelona). 
  • Why is it valuable? Non-stop exposure to millions of fans worldwide, plus visibility in every highlight reel and press conference. 

Sleeve Sponsorship  

  • What is it? The logo placed on the club’s sleeve, introduced in 2017 in the Premier League. 
  • Cost? £2m–£15m per season, depending on the club’s reach. 
  • Why is it valuable? Although less prominent than front-of-shirt deals, sleeves still get strong TV exposure, especially in close-up shots. 
Back-of-Shirt and Short Sponsorship 
  • What is it? Logos placed on the lower back of the shirt or shorts. 
  • Cost? £1m–£10m per season, depending on club stature. 
  • Why is it valuable? Less prominent but still seen in celebrations, goal replays, and fan merchandise. 
Training Kit Sponsorship 
  • What is it? Sponsorship of training kits, worn in pre-match warm-ups and official training sessions. 
  • Cost? £5m–£20m per season for elite clubs.
  • Why is it valuable? While not seen on matchdays, brands gain exposure in club-produced content, social media, and press coverage. 
Stadium Naming Rights  
  • What is it? A brand buys the right to name the stadium (e.g., Etihad Stadium, Emirates Stadium, AMEX Stadium, Gtech Stadium). 
  • Cost? £10m–£50m per year, often signed as long term 10–20-year deals. 
  • Why is it valuable? Consistent exposure, deep brand association, and an opportunity to shape fan culture over decades. 
Training Ground Naming Rights  
  • What is it? Similar to stadium naming rights but for the club’s training base (e.g., AXA Training Centre for Liverpool). 
  • Cost? £1m–£10m per year. 
  • Why is it valuable? Seen in behind-the-scenes content, interviews, and club media but lacks matchday visibility. 
Official Club Partnerships in Individual Categories 

Clubs sign deals with a range of “Official Partners” across different industries. Prices vary significantly based on industry and exclusivity. 

  • Official Banking Partner (e.g., Liverpool & Standard Chartered) – £3m–£10m per year 
  • Official Airline Partner (e.g., PSG & Qatar Airways) – £5m–£15m per year 
  • Official Crypto Partner – £1m–£5m per year 
  • Official Fashion Partner – £500k–£5m per year 
  • Official Travel Partner – £500k–£3m per year 
  • Official Watch Partner (e.g., Rolex, TAG Heuer) – £2m–£10m per year 

These deals offer global credibility but less direct visibility compared to kit sponsorships. 

In-Stadium Advertising  
  • What is it? Matchday visibility, digital LED boards, static hoardings, big screens, and concourse branding. 
  • Cost? £100k–£5m per season, depending on placement and frequency. 
  • Why is it valuable? Seen by fans inside the stadium and during broadcasts but competes with other visuals. 
Digital and Social Media Sponsorship  
  • What is it? Sponsored club content, YouTube series, or official club social media posts. 
  • Cost? £50k–£2m per campaign, based on audience reach. 
  • Why is it valuable? Direct fan engagement, measurable analytics, and targeted branding opportunities. 
Matchday Sponsorships (One-Off or Seasonal Deals) 
  • What is it? Brands sponsor a specific match or become an official “Matchday Partner.” ● Cost? £50k–£1m per match. 
  • Why is it valuable? Brands can create exclusive experiences, giveaways, or activations tied to a single game. 
  • Logo Placement on Tickets and Official Club Merchandise  
  • What is it? Brands place logos on match tickets, membership cards, or club shop bags. 
  • Cost? £50k–£500k per season. 
  • Why is it valuable? A direct way to engage matchgoing fans, but limited visibility beyond attendees. 
Final Thoughts: Which Sponsorships Offer the Best ROI? 

Not all football sponsorships deliver the same level of exposure or impact. Some, like front-of-shirt deals and stadium naming rights, guarantee global visibility but come with a hefty price tag. Others, such as digital content partnerships and in-stadia advertising, provide more targeted engagement at a lower cost. The best return on investment depends on a brand’s budget, industry, and marketing objectives. 

For brands seeking maximum exposure, front-of-shirt sponsorship remains the gold standard. These deals place a brand at the heart of every match, from televised games to highlight reels and press conferences. Stadium naming rights, though less direct, offer long-term branding and deep-rooted association with a club’s identity. Official airline and banking partnerships also deliver strong global recognition, particularly for brands looking to align with high-traffic industries that serve international audiences. 

For those prioritising cost-effectiveness, in-stadia advertising and digital partnerships provide strong alternatives. LED perimeter boards and big-screen ads offer regular exposure during matchdays without the multi-million-pound commitments of kit sponsorships. Meanwhile, official club partnerships in niche industries, such as gaming, e-commerce, or regional sponsors—allow brands to tap into a club’s audience at a lower cost. Social media sponsorships, including branded content and YouTube collaborations, give brands direct access to engaged fans while providing measurable results through clicks, shares, and interactions. 

Some sponsorships carry high prestige but less visibility, making them valuable for brand credibility rather than pure exposure. Official watch and fashion partnerships, for example, align brands with luxury and exclusivity but don’t always generate widespread recognition. Training ground naming rights fall into a similar category, while not front-facing on matchdays, these deals still feature in behind-the-scenes content, club media, and training sessions, reinforcing brand association with elite performance. 

Ultimately, the right sponsorship depends on what a brand wants to achieve. While front-of-shirt deals dominate headlines, savvy brands can still carve out valuable partnerships in more creative, cost-effective ways. Whether it’s owning a digital content series, securing a training ground deal, or sponsoring in-stadia activations, football offers a range of commercial opportunities for brands willing to think strategically about their investment.

United Vision: The Power of Communication in Football Club Success

By
Alejandro Varela Moreno
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Photo by Benjamin Child on Unsplash

A football club is much more than just a team on the pitch. It is a complex organization with multiple stakeholders, each playing a crucial role in the club’s success. The Board of Directors holds the responsibility of setting the club’s direction, making key decisions, and ensuring its long-term stability. However, a well-defined strategy is only effective if it is communicated clearly and consistently to all those involved.

Strong communication from the Board to players, coaches, employees, fans, media, and governing bodies is essential to build trust, align expectations, and foster a culture of transparency. Here’s why effective communication from the top is a game-changer.

Players and Coaching Staff: Clarity in Vision and Expectations

The Board’s strategic decisions directly impact the team’s sporting performance. Whether it’s investment in new players, hiring a new manager, or setting long-term goals, the team needs clarity on the club’s vision.

  • Alignment with sporting objectives: Players and coaches perform at their best when they understand the club’s ambitions, whether it’s winning titles, developing young talent, or strengthening financial sustainability.
  • Job security and motivation: Inconsistent communication about the future of the team, contract renewals, or managerial changes can create uncertainty and distractions. Keeping the team informed fosters stability and focus.
Club Employees: Engaging the Front-Office for Operational Excellence

From marketing and finance to ticketing and logistics, the club’s employees ensure smooth day-to-day operations. Without clear communication from the Board, inefficiencies and misalignment can arise.

  • A unified message: Employees need to understand the club’s objectives and values to represent them accurately in their work.
  • Empowerment through information: When staff members feel informed about key decisions, they can anticipate challenges, work proactively, and contribute to the club’s overall success.
Fans: Building Trust and Strengthening Loyalty

Football fans are the heartbeat of any club. Their passion fuels the team, and their loyalty sustains the institution. The way the Board communicates with supporters can significantly influence their engagement and trust.

  • Transparency and honesty: Fans want to feel connected to their club. Communicating openly about financial health, transfer policies, or stadium developments fosters trust and prevents speculation.
  • Crisis management: When results don’t go as planned, or difficult decisions are made, proactive communication can prevent frustration from turning into disengagement or protest.
  • Emotional connection: Beyond formal updates, storytelling and direct engagement through social media, press conferences, and fan forums help maintain a strong relationship between the club and its supporters.
Media: Shaping Public Perception and Reputation

The media plays a crucial role in shaping the club’s image. The Board must manage its relationship with journalists carefully to ensure accurate reporting and avoid unnecessary controversy.

  • Controlled messaging: Providing clear and timely information through official channels helps avoid speculation and misinformation.
  • Accessibility and professionalism: Maintaining open, professional relationships with the press ensures that the club’s story is told accurately and fairly.
Governing Bodies and Sponsors: Strengthening Institutional Relationships

Football clubs operate within a larger ecosystem that includes leagues, federations, and commercial partners. The way a Board communicates with these entities can impact financial opportunities, regulatory compliance, and overall credibility.

  • Professionalism in negotiations: Sponsors invest in clubs with a strong, well-communicated vision. Clearly outlining long-term goals and brand values helps attract and retain partners.
  • Regulatory compliance: Engaging transparently with governing bodies ensures that clubs operate within the rules and avoid unnecessary sanctions.
Conclusion: Communication as a Leadership Tool

A football club’s Board of Directors is not just responsible for decision-making; it is responsible for leading through communication. Effective engagement with players, staff, fans, media, and institutional partners fosters trust, stability, and long-term success.

By prioritizing transparency, consistency, and openness, the Board can create a unified club culture where everyone—from the dressing room to the stands—feels informed, engaged, and connected to the club’s journey.

A club that communicates well is a club that wins—on and off the pitch.

Ramadan und Frauenfußball: Zwischen Glaube und Höchstleistung

By
Ersel Aybasti
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Photo by Anis Coquelet on Unsplash

Aktuell befinden wir uns im heiligen Monat Ramadan, der vom 1. bis zum 29. März 2025 stattfindet. Heute ist der 23. Tag dieses besonderen Zeitraums.

Der Ramadan, der neunte Monat des islamischen Kalenders, ist eine heilige Zeit der Reflexion, Spiritualität und Gemeinschaft für Muslime weltweit. Während dieser Zeit fasten gläubige Muslime von Sonnenaufgang bis Sonnenuntergang und verzichten auf Essen, Trinken und andere körperliche Genüsse. Das Fasten wird nach Sonnenuntergang mit dem Iftar gebrochen, während die Mahlzeit vor Sonnenaufgang, Suhoor, hilft, die Energie für den kommenden Tag aufrechtzuerhalten.

Für muslimische Fußballerinnen und Fußballer bedeutet der Ramadan eine Herausforderung, denn sie müssen ihre religiösen Pflichten mit den Anforderungen des professionellen Sports in Einklang bringen. Dies erfordert körperliche Belastbarkeit, mentale Stärke und zunehmend auch Unterstützung von Vereinen und Ligen.

Herausforderungen für Fußballerinnen und Fußballer während des Ramadan

Für Profisportler bringt das Fasten besondere physiologische Herausforderungen mit sich. Da Trainingseinheiten und Wettkämpfe über den Tag verteilt stattfinden, kann der lange Verzicht auf Nahrung, Flüssigkeit und Energiezufuhr zu Erschöpfung, Dehydrierung und verminderter Ausdauer führen – alles Faktoren, die sich auf Leistung und Regeneration auswirken.

Gleichzeitig ist der Ramadan für viele muslimische Fußballer nicht nur eine Prüfung der körperlichen Belastbarkeit, sondern auch eine Zeit der mentalen und emotionalen Stärkung. Viele beschreiben das Fasten als eine Quelle der spirituellen Kraft und Disziplin, die ihnen hilft, sowohl auf als auch neben dem Platz fokussiert, engagiert und geeint zu bleiben.

Wie sich Spieler und Vereine während des Ramadan anpassen

Um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Spielerinnen und Spieler aufrechtzuerhalten, setzen Vereine und medizinische Teams gezielte Strategien um, darunter:

  • Optimierte Ernährungspläne: Sorgfältig geplante Mahlzeiten vor und nach den Fastenzeiten gewährleisten eine ausgewogene Energieaufnahme und ausreichende Hydration.
  • Anpassung der Trainingspläne: Wo möglich, werden Trainingseinheiten in die Abendstunden verlegt, um die Belastung während der Fastenzeit zu minimieren.
  • Medizinische und leistungsbezogene Überwachung: Sportwissenschaftler und medizinische Betreuer der Vereine arbeiten eng mit den fastenden Spielern zusammen.
  • Leitlinien von Fußballverbänden: Der DFB stellt Trainings- und Ernährungsempfehlungen für muslimische Spieler während des Ramadan bereit.
  • Individuelle Entscheidungen zum Fasten: Manche Spieler fasten auch an Spieltagen, während andere ihr Fasten verschieben – eine im Islam erlaubte Praxis für Personen mit hohen körperlichen Anforderungen.
Wie Ligen und Vereine muslimische Spieler unterstützen

Mit wachsendem Bewusstsein für die Bedeutung des Ramadan haben Ligen und Vereine Maßnahmen eingeführt, um fastende Spieler zu unterstützen – von angepassten Trainingsplänen bis hin zu Spielunterbrechungen bei Abendspielen. Allerdings sind diese Unterstützungsmaßnahmen nicht einheitlich, insbesondere im Frauenfußball.

Ramadan in der Praxis: Wie sich der Fußball anpasst

Frauenfußball und Ramadan: Ein wachsendes Potenzial für Inklusion

Während im Männerfußball zunehmend Fortschritte gemacht werden, um fastende Spieler zu unterstützen, hinkt der Frauenfußball in dieser Hinsicht hinterher.

Premier League und Bundesliga: Vorreiter in Sachen Inklusion

Seit 2021 erlaubt die englische Premier League Schiedsrichtern, Spiele bei Sonnenuntergang zu unterbrechen, um muslimischen Spielern das Fastenbrechen zu ermöglichen.

Ligue 1: Ein umstrittener Umgang mit dem Ramadan

Die französische Ligue 1 verfolgt hingegen eine andere Politik. Der französische Fußballverband (FFF) verbietet Spielunterbrechungen für fastende Spieler unter Berufung auf die strikten Säkularismus-Gesetze des Landes.

Die Zukunft des Ramadan im Frauenfußball

Mit dem wachsenden Anteil muslimischer Frauen im Profifußball müssen Vereine und Verbände nun die Chance erkennen, proaktiv Veränderungen voranzutreiben.

Wichtige Erkenntnisse
  • Der DFB hat offizielle Trainings- und Ernährungsempfehlungen für fastende Spieler entwickelt.
  • Der Frauenfußball hat großes Potenzial, in Sachen kulturelle und religiöse Inklusion voranzugehen.
  • Während die Premier League und Bundesliga das Fastenbrechen während Spielen ermöglichen, bleibt Ligue 1 bei ihrer strikten säkularen Haltung.
  • Vereine und Verbände müssen ihre Maßnahmen ausweiten, um muslimische Fußballerinnen während des Ramadan voll zu unterstützen.
Fazit

Die Diskussion über Ramadan und Fußball entwickelt sich weiter. Während einige Ligen bereits positive Schritte unternehmen, bleibt die Unterstützung in anderen Bereichen aus.

New era begins for U19 & U17 talents in Germany – Reformation of the “Nachwuchsliga”

By
Cagri Yildirim
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Starting with the 2024/25 season, the German Football Association (DFB) has completely overhauled its top youth leagues. The new system replaces the former A-Junioren-Bundesliga and B-Junioren-Bundesliga for both the U19 and U17 age groups. The reform aims to enhance player development, provide more balanced competition, and reduce unnecessary travel for young athletes. Both the U19 and U17 competitions follow a similar two-phase format, with slight differences reflecting the specific needs and structure of each age group.

Phase One: Preliminary Round

Structure:

  • Regional Groups:
    • All 64 teams in each age category are divided into eight regional groups.
    • Each group consists of up to eight teams.

Objectives and Format:

  • Geographical and Performance-Based:
    • The allocation is designed to minimize travel distances and to ensure that teams compete against regional opponents.
    • Teams are placed into groups based on their performance (using a multi-year rating system) rather than strict state or regional boundaries.
  • Match Format:
    • Each team plays a home-and-away round-robin over 14 matchdays.
    • The results from these 14 games determine the team rankings within each group.

The regional teams of season 2024/2025 were geographically created as follows:

Phase Two: Main Round (Hauptrunde)

After the preliminary round, teams are sorted into two separate leagues based on their finishing positions:

League A:

  • Qualification:
    • The top three teams from each preliminary group qualify for League A.
    • This creates a pool of 24 teams (for instance, the first two from each group plus the six best third-placed teams).
  • Grouping and Format:
    • These 24 teams are then divided into four groups of six teams each.
    • They play an additional round-robin series (with ten matchdays) to further refine rankings.
  • End-of-Phase Objective:
    • The best teams from League A will advance to the knockout stage (playoffs) to determine the overall German Youth Champion in the respective age group.

League B:

  • Qualification:
    • All remaining teams from the preliminary round are placed in League B.
    • Additionally, up to 11 extra amateur clubs (which do not have a formal youth academy structure) qualify via performance in the second-tier youth leagues.
  • Grouping and Format:
    • League B is organized into groups of up to eight teams.
    • These teams also play a home-and-away format over 14 matchdays.
  • Purpose:
    • League B ensures that clubs not in the top tier still have a competitive platform, and it helps maintain a broader competitive balance across all teams.
Final Stage: Playoffs (Championship Phase)

For the U19 competition in League A:

  • Knockout Rounds:
    • At the conclusion of the main round, the best 16 teams from League A progress to a knockout stage.
    • This phase is a single-elimination tournament starting with the round of 16 (often referred to as the “Achtelfinale”).
  • Champion Determination:
    • The winner of the knockout phase is crowned the German Youth Champion for that age group.

Note: The U17 competition follows a similar structure with minor adaptations in the qualification and group distribution to suit the developmental needs of younger players.

For the U19 competition in League B:

  • Qualification for Future Seasons:
    • For clubs with a youth performance center (NLZ), finishing in League B typically secures automatic participation in the next season’s U19 Nachwuchsliga.
    • Amateur clubs (without an NLZ) must finish within the top four of their group in League B to qualify for participation in the following season. This mechanism creates a pathway for these clubs to gain experience at a higher competitive level.
  • DFB Junior Cup Participation:
    • In addition to league placement, the top finishing teams in League B are also eligible to qualify for the DFB Junior Cup, offering further competitive exposure.
Practical Experience from the New Youth League

The first impressions from clubs confirm that the reform is already bringing noticeable benefits. Ismail Gülec, head coach of SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball U17, draws a positive conclusion after about 60% of the season:

“Week after week, we compete against the best, which pushes our players to their limits. While individual development remains the top priority, football is still a results-driven sport. Without relegation pressure, we can plan more effectively, give younger players more playing time, and prepare them for the next season. At the same time, non-professional teams have the opportunity to prove themselves and qualify for the league. Of course, the increased travel and logistical efforts are a challenge, but they serve as valuable preparation for a future in professional football.”

This ability to combine high-level youth competition with better planning security and structured player development highlights the long-term vision of the new system.

Key Innovations and Objectives
  • Focus on Development:
    • The reform shifts the emphasis away from rigid promotion and relegation systems. Teams with established youth academies (Leistungszentren) do not face relegation, allowing them to focus on long-term player development rather than short-term results.
  • Balanced Competition:
    • By grouping teams regionally in the preliminary phase and then sorting by performance in the main round, the new system aims to ensure that games are competitive and that players are regularly challenged at the appropriate level.
  • Inclusion of Amateur Clubs/Non-Academy Clubs:
    • Up to 11 additional amateur teams are given an opportunity to participate in League B, creating a pathway for emerging talent outside the established youth academies.
  • Efficient Scheduling Travel & Load Management:
    • The regional grouping in the preliminary round minimizes travel, reducing the physical and logistical burden on young players, thus allowing more time for training and education.
  • Focus on More Playtime
    • To allow for more playing time and optimize individual player development, each team in the DFB Youth League can make up to seven substitutions per match (six field players plus a goalkeeper). This enables all 18 players of the permitted matchday squad to participate. Three substitution windows plus halftime are allowed.
  • The Focus and Difference Between U19 & U17
    • While both leagues share a common two-phase format and similar regional groupings, the U19 league is structured to provide a more intense, championship-oriented experience for players nearing the professional level, whereas the U17 league emphasizes technical and tactical growth with a slightly more developmental and less pressure-driven environment.
How successful is the German youth league system for talents’ path to become a professional?

Talking about concrete numbers is very difficult since the underlying data is not entirely transparent. However, if we look at the rosters of top professional teams, a clear trend emerges: many clubs consistently field a significant number of homegrown players. For instance, in the Bundesliga, it is not uncommon to see between 30% and 50% of a team’s lineup composed of players who came through the club’s own youth system. Clubs like Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, and Schalke 04 are prime examples these teams regularly integrate several academy graduates into their first squads.

This pattern is a strong indicator that investing in youth football is an effective and efficient way to produce professional players who succeed both domestically and on the world stage. Not only do these figures highlight the success of the German youth league system in fostering talent, but they also underscore the importance of maintaining and further developing these youth structures as a cornerstone for long-term football excellence.

We will see in coming years how the new structure of the German youth league will influence the ratio of young players becoming professional. The numbers below reflect more the old known system.

Here are the first three teams per professional league in Germany with the most players from their own youth academy:

Bundesliga

  • TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
    • Currently 9 players in first team squad with a market value of ~32 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • SC Freiburg
    • Currently 8 players in first team squad with a market value of ~30 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • Borussia Dortmund
    • Currently 7 players in first team squad with a market value of ~67 Mio. € from their own youth academy

2nd Bundesliga

  • Hertha BSC
    • Currently 15 players in first team squad with a market value of ~28 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • FC Köln
    • Currently 11 players in first team squad with a market value of ~21 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • FC Schalke 04
    • Currently 8 players in first team squad with a market value of ~5 Mio. € from their own youth academy

3rd Bundesliga

  • VFB Stuttgart II
    • Currently 22 players in first team squad with a market value of ~8 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • SpVgg Unterhaching
    • Currently 13 players in first team squad with a market value of ~3 Mio. € from their own youth academy
  • Hannover 96 II
    • Currently 13 players in first team squad with a market value of ~2 Mio. € from their own youth academy
A new milestone for the future of German football – highly important to keep an eye on

A Development-Oriented Approach for the Future Germany has long been known for its strong youth development, and the U19 and U17 DFB Nachwuchsliga represents a strategic shift to enhance player progression. By prioritizing competition, development, and sustainability, the new system aims to better prepare young players for the challenges of professional football. With the first season set to begin in 2024/25, this restructuring marks an important step in maintaining Germany’s reputation as a leader in youth football development. Will other markets follow that strategy?

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